The change of loading rate can have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the material so that the uniaxial compression test of cemented backfill under different loading rates was carried out to study the intrinsic relationship between energy dissipation and axial compression time and axial strain of the cemented backfill at different loading rates, and the damage mechanism of cemented backfill was discussed. The results show that: Different from high-strength rocks, the phenomenon of critical loading rate exists in cemented backfill. When the loading rate exceeds the critical value, backfill strength decreases with the increase of loading rate. The change of loading rate can affect the strain energy of each stage of the backfill. As the loading rate increases, the pre-peak energy consumption, post-peak energy consumption, unit volume strain energy and total energy consumption of the backfill first increase and then decrease, and have a quadratic function curve relationship with the loading rate. The total energy consumption of cemented backfill at different loading rates presenting the growth law of logistic function form with the increase of axial compression time and axial strain, but the difference in loading rate makes the energy consumption value increase rate and the energy consumption of the backfill reach the same axial deformation have obvious differences. The compression failure of backfill under different loading rates belongs to the same kind of damage process. Based on the evolution rule of damage value and energy consumption value, the damage failure of backfill is divided into four stages, and the energy damage evolution mechanism of backfill is obtained.