Screw groove piles， a new type of precast pile， are economically and environmentally friendly， and they can improve the load-bearing performance of the pile through a unique screw groove structure. Through model tests and finite element calculation， the difference in load transfer characteristics between screw groove piles and equal section piles is analyzed， and the concept of material utilization is introduced to explore the bearing characteristics of piles with different screw groove parameters. The results demonstrate that the vertical settlement curve of the screw groove pile exhibits a gradual trend， with an ultimate bearing capacity 1.85 times higher than that of the equal section pile， and its material utilization rate is 2.85 times higher. The screw groove structure increases the pile-soil interaction surface， thereby increasing the skin friction resistance of the pile. The screw groove surface end resistance and pile tip resistance form a multipoint vertical bearing mode. Increasing the inner diameter of the screw groove piles increases the load-carrying capacity by 337.2%， but the material utilization ratio is decreased by 133.8%. The existence of optimal screw groove spacing enables efficient material utilization， while a groove thickness-to-inner diameter ratio greater than 1 leads to reduced resource utilization efficiency. The bearing capacity of screw piles can increase significantly with the increase of screw groove width； however， their material utilization initially increases and then decreases.