To investigate the uniaxial tensile properties of high-strength and high-ductility concrete, (HSHDC), 12 groups of specimens were designed, and uniaxial tensile tests were carried out. The effects of water-binder ratio (0.14, 0.16 and 0.18), PE fiber volume ratio (1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%), fiber types (PE and PVA), and PE fiber diameters (22 μm, 35 μm and 40 μm) on the uniaxial tensile behavior of thin sheets were studied. The influence of the above factors on the energy absorption capacity of HSHDC was analyzed in terms of the strain energy density before the peak stress. The results show that with the increase of the water-binder ratio, the tensile strength of HSHDC increases first and then decreases, while the ultimate tensile strain increases. The tensile strength of HSHDC increases with the fiber volume ratio, while the ultimate tensile strain of HSHDC decreases with the increase of fiber volume ratio when the water-binder ratio is low, but not vice versa when the water-binder ratio is large. When the water-binder ratio of 0.16 and 0.18 occurs, the strain energy density of HSHDC before the peak is higher with different fiber volume ratios. Compared with the HSHDC specimen mixed with PVA fiber, the HSHDC mixed with PE fiber has better tensile properties and energy absorption capacity, and the PE fiber with a small diameter is more suitable for HSHDC preparation. Finally, the dense matrix of HSHDC and the rough surface of PE fiber were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM).