In order to improve the economy and application scope of structural health monitoring, a temperature field prediction method of long-span bridges based on big data information of weather stations was proposed, so as to realize lightweight and sustainable bridge temperature field and temperature deformation calculation. Taking a large-span steel arch truss bridge as the research object, the big data information of the weather station (including weather, temperature and wind speed information) was obtained through the meteorological data platform, the radiation intensity of each surface of the key components of the bridge was calculated by Elbadry"s improved Kelbek radiation model, the boundary conditions of structural thermal analysis were calculated based on the heat exchange transfer theory, and the structural transient thermal analysis was carried out in combination with the finite element analysis method, so as to obtain the time-varying temperature field of the key components of the target bridge. The calculation results of the temperature field are in good agreement with the measured temperature on the bridge in terms of time history and vertical distribution of the structure, and the average error is within 3%. The calculated structural temperature was applied to the overall finite element model of the bridge structure, the temperature deformation of the bridge structure was obtained, and the calculated value of the longitudinal displacement of the bridge support is in good agreement with the measured value, the average error is within 13mm. The analysis verifies that the proposed bridge temperature field prediction method based on weather station big data is feasible, the temperature deformation of the bridge structure can be further obtained by using this method as well.