On the basis of the proposed stress-strain relationships of steel and concrete of concrete-filled circular steel tubes (CFCST) at each stage of fire exposure, fully coupled thermal-stress analysis model in finite element soft ABAQUS was developed to predict the load-deformation relationship curves of axially loaded CFCST stub columns after exposure to ISO-834 standard fire. The predicted results were in good agreement with test results. The finite element analysis model was then used to investigate the behavior of CFCST stub columns by examining the load-deformation relationship, the cross-sectional stress distributions of steel tube and concrete core and their interaction during the entire stage of fire exposure. Parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of heating time, initial axial, steel ratio, steel yield strength, concrete cube strength, spray insulation thickness and sectional size on the residual strength of axially loaded CFCST stub columns. Finally, a set of formulas was proposed to predict the residual strength of axially loaded CFCST stub columns after exposure to fire.