In order to comprehensively solve the problems of concrete damage in the anchorage zone and the complicated welding process of embedded parts in the bridge expansion joint, two optimal schemes of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) expansion joint structures without welding on site were proposed: in optimal scheme 1, an anchorage reinforcement was arranged on one side of the anchorage plate and short studs on the other side; in optimal scheme 2, short studs were arranged on both sides of the anchorage plate, while long studs were added to the side of the section steel. In both schemes, the anchorage plates and embedded reinforcements were staggered, and the anchorage zone was poured with UHPC. The two optimal schemes make the construction operation simple and ensure the visualization of the installation quality. In order to explore the anchorage performance of the two optimal schemes and compare them with the traditional expansion joint, eight expansion joint specimens for a 1∶1 scale were tested. As for the traditional expansion joint, the anchorage reinforcement was welded on one side of the anchorage plate and the embedded reinforcement on the other side, and then the anchorage zone was poured with SFRC. The results show that the rigidity, strength, crack resistance, and anchorage performance of the two optimal schemes are significantly improved. The initial crack loads of the optimal scheme 1 and 2 are both 2.2 times that of the traditional one, while their ultimate bearing capacities are 1.38 times and 2.33 times that of the traditional, respectively. The cracks on the UHPC surface are relatively concentrated, small, and thin, but scattered, numerous and wide cracks on the SFRC surface. In optimal scheme 2, the long studs effectively limit the development of interface cracks. The comparative study shows that the two new schemes improve the mechanical performance and anchorage performance of expansion joints, without welding on site and high installation tolerance, which provide references for the design of bridge expansion joints